SỔ TAY NGƯỜI HỌC TIẾNG ANH PHÁP LÝ Chương III: Thuật Ngữ Pháp Lý về Các Loại Tội Phạm

SỔ TAY NGƯỜI HỌC TIẾNG ANH PHÁP LÝ
Chương III: Thuật Ngữ Pháp Lý về Các Loại Tội Phạm

Nguyễn Phước Vĩnh Cố
Tôn Nữ Thanh Thảo
Tôn Nữ Hải Anh
Bảo Nguyên

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Thuật Ngữ Pháp Lý về Các Loại Tội Phạm

Danh từ: Tội phạm và sự phạm tội

– Crime: Tội phạm
– Petty crime: Tội nhẹ
– Serious crime: Tội nặng
– Offence (Anh)/offense (Mỹ): Sự phạm tội
– Misdemeanour (Anh)/misdemeanor (Mỹ): Tội nhẹ
– Felony (Mỹ): Tội nghiêm trọng, trọng tội
– Atrocity: Hành động tàn ác
– Villainy: Hành động độc ác
– Outrage: Hành động tàn bạo
– Delinquency: Sự phạm pháp
– Law-breaking: Sự phạm pháp
– Wrongdoing: Hành vi sai trái, hành động phạm pháp
– Wrong: Hành vi bất công
– Misconduct: Hành vi sai trái
– Misdeed: Hành vi sai trái
– Breach: Sự vi phạm
– Sin: Tội lỗi, lỗi lầm

Các ví dụ
The crime rate is rising.
The theft is a crime.
The police fight against crime.
He isn’t a dangerous criminal; he lives off petty crime(s).
It is an offence to drive a car while under the influence of alcohol.
Your offences are not serious: I forgive you.
Murder wass once a capital offence (= Murderers were once killed).
Misdemeanours like traffic offences are punishable with a fine.
He pleaded guilty to the misdemeanor of domestic violence.
He was indicted on three felony charges of lying to the grand jury.
They have accepted responsibility for the atrocities committed during the war.
There has been an increase juvenile delinquency.
By entering the house without the owner’s permission you are in fact guilty of law-breaking.
The company denies any wrongdoing.
It is time to forgive past wrongs if progress is to be made.
The doctor was accused of gross misconduct.
No one has yet claimed responsibility for this latest bomb outrage.
Young man! Your misdeeds are well known locally!
Your action is a breach of our agreement.
He is in breach of (his) contract if he does that.
Confess your sin to God and he will forgive you.

Danh từ: Liên quan đến người phạm tội

– Criminal: Kẻ phạm tội
First criminal/offender: Kẻ phạm tội lần đầu
Hardened criminal: Kẻ phạm tội nhiều lần/chai lỳ
– Offender: Kẻ phạm tội
Sex offender: Tội phạm tình dục, yêu râu xanh
Persistant offender: Kẻ phạm tội nhiều lần
– Crook: Kẻ lừa đảo
– Villain: Kẻ hung ác, tên côn đồ
– Culprit: Kẻ phạm tội
– Outlaw: Kẻ phạm pháp
– Wrongdoer: Kẻ phạm tội
– Delinquent: Kẻ phạm pháp
– Law-breaker: Kẻ phạm pháp

Các ví dụ
He is a hardened criminal and prison won’t change him.
The building is an institution for young criminals.
He is a crook; he’ll cheat you out of your money.
That wicked villain wants to kidnap the princess.
He is a culprit; arrest him, not me!
He led a band of outlaws who lived in the forest.
The wrongdoers will be punished!
This court deals with juvenile delinquents.
Criminals are law-breakers, but all law-breakers are not necessarily criminals.
Danh từ: Tội ăn cắp và lừa gạt

– Theft: Ăn cắp
Petty/minor theft: Ăn cắp vặt
– Robbery: Ăn cướp
Armed robbery: Ăn cướp có vũ trang
– Larceny: Ăn cắp
Petty larceny: Ăn cắp vặt
Grand larceny: Ăn cắp những đồ đạc có giá trị
– Burglary: Ăn trộm
– Housebreaking: Ăn trộm
– Breaking and entering: Đột nhập
– Break-in: Đột nhập
– Shoplifting: Ăn cắp ở cửa hàng
– Mugging: Trấn lột
– Hijacking: Không tặc
– Piracy: Hải tặc
– Pickpocketing: Móc túi
– Bag snatching: Giật túi xách
– Smuggling: Buôn lậu
– Fraud: Lừa đảo, lừa gạt
Credit card fraud: Lừa gạt thẻ tín dụng
– Embezzlement: Tham ô, tham nhũng, thụt két
– Racket: Thủ đoạn làm tiền
Gambling racket: Thủ đoạn làm tiền bằng cờ bạc
Drugs racket: Thủ đoạn làm tiền bằng buôn bán ma túy
Protection racket: Thủ đoạn làm tiền bằng bảo kê
– Swindle: Lừa đảo
– Extortion: Tống tiền, moi tiền
– Blackmail: Tống tiền
– Confidence trick: Lừa gạt lòng tin
– Black market: Thị trường chợ đen

Các ví dụ
Petty theft (theft of small things) is increasing among out-of-work youths.
These thefts have been going on for a long time.
He was charged with grand larceny (stealing a lot of money or something very valuable).
The figure shows that household burglary rose by 17%.
He was charged with breaking and entering.
There were several break-ins last night.
She was caught and fined for shoplifting.
There were two muggings last night in the park.
Hijacking for political reasons have become common throughout the world.
Their crime was piracy on the high seas, and they were hanged.
There used to be a lot of smuggling along this coast.
The judge found the man guilty of fraud.
He was convicted of embezzlement.
This racket is making him a lot of money at other people’s expense.
This promise of shares in a gold mine is just a swindle; there is no such mine!
The charge was extortion with threats.
This promise of quick profits is just a confidence trick: It’s a con; don’t believe him!
They bought butter on the black market.

Danh từ: Ăn cắp hàng hóa và hàng hóa ăn cắp

– Stolen goods: Hàng ăn cắp
– Handling stolen goods: Buôn bán hàng ăn cắp
– Loot: Của cướp được
– Plunder: Hàng đã bị cướp bóc
– Spoils: Hàng hóa ăn cắp

Các ví dụ
He was charged with receiving stolen goods.
The bandits divided their loot.
The thieves hid the plunder in a cave.
Well, where are the spoils?

Danh từ: Các tội phạm nguy hiểm và hung dữ

– Assault: Hành hung
– Assault and battery: Đe dọa và hành hung
– Fire-raising: Sự cố ý gây hỏa hoạn
– Arson: Sự cố ý gây hỏa hoạn
– Vandalism: Sự phá hoại các công trình văn hóa
– Looting: Hôi của

Các ví dụ
He got two years’ imprisonment for assaulting a police officer.
The man was charged with assault.
He was found guilty of assault and battery.
These men were quite capable of fire-raising.
He committed arson by burning down two buildings.
Vandalism can cost the country millions of pounds annually.
The poice arrested many people for looting during the riots.

Danh từ: Tội giết người và tự tử

– Murder: Tội giết người
– Attempted murder: Tội cố sát
– Killling: Tội giết người
– Mass killing: Tội giết người hàng loạt
– Manslaughter: Tội ngộ sát
– Voluntary manslaughter: Tội cố sát
– Homicide: Tội giết người
– Assassination: Ám sát
– Euthanasia: Trợ tử, cái chết êm ái

Các ví dụ
He was guilty of murder.
She has been charged with the attempted murder of her husband.
Refugees from the war-torn country brought accounts of mass killings, rape and torture.
The man was found guilty of manslaughter.
The charge has been reduced to manslaughter.
She is guilty of homicide.
The president survived a number of assassination attempts.
It is against the law for doctors to practise euthanasia.

Danh từ: Tội tình dục

– Rape: Hiếp dâm
– Statutory rape: Hiếp dâm trẻ em
– Child abuse: Lạm dụng trẻ em
– Sexual abuse: Lạm dụng tình dục
– Sexual assault: Cưởng hiếp
– Sexual harassment: Quấy rối tình dục

Các ví dụ
He was charged with rape.

Danh từ: Tội liên quan đến mãi dâm, ma túy và buôn người

– Prostitution: Tội mãi dâm
Child prostitution: Mãi dâm trẻ em
– Pimping: Môi giới mãi dâm, chăn dắt
– Soliciting/solicitation: Gạ gẫm bán dâm
– Drug dealing/trafficking: Buôn bán ma túy
– Human trafficking: Buôn người
Các ví dụ
Many women were forced into prostitution.
She was fined for soliciting.

Danh từ: Tội liên quan đến hôn nhân

– Bigamy: Tình trạng hai vợ hoặc hai chồng
– Polygamy: Tục đa thê
– Adultery: Tội ngoại tình
– Incest: Tội loạn luân

Các ví dụ
Bigamy is considered a crime in many countries.
Polygamy is not so common today as it once was.
Adultery is considered wrong by many religions and is often given as a reason for divorce.

Danh từ: Tội phạm công nghệ cao

– Hacking: Ăn cắp dữ liệu cá nhân, ăn cắp dữ liệu máy tính
– Identity theft: Ăn cắp danh tính cá nhân
– Cyberstalking: Bị lén theo dỏi trên mạng, hành vi đe dọa trên mạng
– Cybersquatting: Chiếm dụng tên miền, ăn cắp tên miền
– Phishing: Ăn cắp tài khoản
– Malware, malicious software: Phần mền độc hại

Các ví dụ
Hacking is easy if you know how to do it.
Fraud related to identity theft appears to be a growining risk for consumers.
The most common form of phishing is by email.
Some countries have specific laws against cyberquatting beyond the normal rules of
trademark law.

Danh từ: Tội liên quan đến rượu

– Drunk/drink/drunken driving: Lái xe sau khi uống rượu quá nhiều
– Selling alcohol to a minor: Bán rượu cho người vị thành niên

Danh từ: Tội phá rối trật tự công cộng

– Disturbing the peace: Phá rối trật tự
– Breach of the peace: Phá rối trật tự

Danh từ: Tội phỉ báng

– Defamation: Tội phỉ báng, tội nói xấu
– Slander: Tội vu khống
– Libel: Tội phỉ báng, vu khống

Các ví dụ
I’ll sue you for defamation of character if you go on telling these lies.
These slanders must stop.
He’s suing them for slander.
These libels are quite ridiculous.
He sued the newspaper for libel.

Danh từ: Âm mưu và làm gián điệp

– Plot: Âm mưu
– Conspiracy: Âm mưu
– Betrayal: Phản bội
– Spying: Làm gián điệp
– Espionage: Làm gián điệp
– Sabotage: Sự phá hoại
– Treason/high treason: Tội phản quốc

Các ví dụ
It’s a plot to overthrow lawful government!
The conspiracies of the government’s enemies were uncovered.
She is tired of his constant betrayals.
The penalty for spying is often death.
He was found guilty of espionage and shot.
The guerrillas committed various acts of sabotage against government buildings.
This is an act of treason; the leaders must be arrested immediately.

Danh từ: Chứng cớ và hành vi tại tòa

– Evidence: Chứng cớ
– Testimony: Chứng cớ
– Perjury: Khai man trước tòa
– Contempt (of court): Tội xúc phạm (quan) tòa

Các ví dụ
The evidence strongly suggests that he was involved in the crime.
The witness’s testimony sounded convincing; we believe it/him.
A person found guilty of perjury might be sent to prison.
She was jailed for contempt of court.
He was found guilty of contempt of court, because he shouted repeatedly at the judge.

Danh từ: Tội liên quan đến kinh tế

– Insider trading/dealing: Giao dịch nội gián
– Tax evasion: Tội trốn thuế
– Money laundering: Tội rửa tiền

Các ví dụ
Shares in both banks jumped 20% two weeks before comfirmation of their merger, which led to an insider trading inquiry being opened.
New rules aimed at fighting fraud and tax evasion.
He pleaded guilty to charges of bank fraud and tax evasion.
He was sentenced to 3 years in prison for money laundering.

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